Pro-state paramilitary violence in Turkey since the 1990s

This paper discusses the role of pro-state paramilitary groups in Turkey’s Kurdish conflict from 1990s to present. The paramilitaries civil wars has been heavily discussed general but remains understudied context war with PKK. Turkish state authorities established a number initial stage conflict. Their impact grew during line change state’s strategy low-intensity (LIC). article evolution PKK, focusing on their changing relationship government agencies. It characterizes first half as paramilitarisation and demonstrates continuing this into 2000s. data was collected media resources, interviews, criminal prosecutions national local cases, NGO reports. Overall, develops better understanding nexus between paramilitarism through prism